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Stanza 10.12.1
द्यावा॑ ह॒ क्षामा॑ प्रथ॒मे ऋ॒तेना॑भिश्रा॒वे भ॑वतः सत्य॒वाचा॑ | दे॒वो यन्मर्ता॑न्य॒जथा॑य कृ॒ण्वन्त्सीद॒द्धोता॑ प्र॒त्यङ्स्वमसुं॒ यन् ||
dyā́vā ha kṣā́mā prathamé r̥ténābhiśrāvé bhavataḥ satyavā́cā devó yán mártān yajáthāya kr̥ṇván sī́dad dhótā pratyáṅ svám ásuṁ yán
Heaven and Earth, in the beginning, were present through the eternal cosmic order, speaking truth. When the divine priest, assuming his own vital power, began the worship for mortals, they became attentive.
This verse addresses the primordial forces of Heaven and Earth, personified as divine beings. They are described as speaking truth and being present, listening to prayers. The verse invokes them in the context of a ritual where a divine being, the Hotar (priest), participates to energize mortals for worship. It highlights the cosmic order (Rta) that governs their existence and their role in facilitating divine-human communication.
Meter: Tristubh
- A. द्यावा ह क्षामा प्रथमे ऋतेना dyā́vā ha kṣā́mā prathamé r̥téna (11 syllables)
- B. अभिश्रावे भवतः सत्यवाचा abhiśrāvé bhavataḥ satyavā́cā (11 syllables)
- C. देवो यन् मर्तान् यजथाय कृण्वन् deváḥ yát mártān yajáthāya kr̥ṇván (11 syllables)
- D. सीदत् होता प्रत्यङ् स्वं असुं यन् sī́dat hótā pratyáṅ svám ásum yán (11 syllables)
द्यावा (dyā́vā)
Heaven and Earth (dual form)
ह (ha)
indeed, truly (particle)
क्षामा (kṣā́mā)
Earth (dual form)
प्रथमे (prathamé)
first, foremost
ऋतेना (r̥téna)
by the cosmic order (Rta)
अभिश्रावे (abhiśrāvé)
in hearing, attentive
भवतः (bhavataḥ)
they are, they become
सत्यवाचा (satyavā́cā)
truth-speaking
देवो (deváḥ)
the divine being, God
यन् (yát)
when, as
मर्तान् (mártān)
mortals, humans
यजथाय (yajáthāya)
for worship, for sacrifice
कृण्वन् (kr̥ṇván)
making, performing
सीदत् (sī́dat)
he sits, he settles
होता (hótā)
the Hotar priest
प्रत्यङ् (pratyáṅ)
facing, turned towards
स्वं (svám)
his own, self
असुं (ásum)
life-breath, vital force
यन् (yán)
going, moving
Stanza 10.12.2
दे॒वो दे॒वान्प॑रि॒भूर्ऋ॒तेन॒ वहा॑ नो ह॒व्यं प्र॑थ॒मश्चि॑कि॒त्वान् | धू॒मके॑तुः स॒मिधा॒ भाऋ॑जीको म॒न्द्रो होता॒ नित्यो॑ वा॒चा यजी॑यान् ||
devó devā́n paribhū́r r̥téna váhā no havyám prathamáś cikitvā́n dhūmáketuḥ samídhā bhā́r̥jīko mandró hótā nítyo vācā́ yájīyān
The divine being, supreme over the gods through the cosmic order, carry our offering with knowledge. Being marked by smoke from fuel, radiant and joyous, the primary priest, eternal, is most praiseworthy through speech.
This verse describes a divine entity, the "God of Gods", who is supreme and acts according to the cosmic order (Rta). This deity is invoked to carry an offering (havya) with knowledge and purity. The deity is characterized by smoke from offerings (dhuma-ketu), brilliance, joy, and is the foremost priest, eternally present and eloquent in worship.
Meter: Tristubh
- A. देवो देवान् परिभूः ऋतेन deváḥ devā́n paribhū́ḥ r̥téna (11 syllables)
- B. वहा नः हव्यं प्रथमश्चि चिकित्त्वान् váha + naḥ havyám prathamáḥ cikitvā́n (11 syllables)
- C. धूम्केतुः समिधा भार्जीको dhūmáketuḥ samídhā bhā́r̥jīkaḥ (11 syllables)
- D. मन्द्रो होता नित्य वाचा यजीयान् mandráḥ hótā nítyaḥ vācā́ yájīyān (11 syllables)
देवो (deváḥ)
the divine being, God
देवान् (devā́n)
the gods
परिभूः (paribhū́ḥ)
surpassing, all-encompassing
ऋतेन (r̥téna)
by the cosmic order (Rta)
वहा (váha +)
carry!
नः (naḥ)
our
हव्यं (havyám)
offering, oblation
प्रथमश्चि (prathamáḥ)
first, foremost
चिकित्त्वान् (cikitvā́n)
knowing, wise
धूम्केतुः (dhūmáketuḥ)
smoke-bannered, marked by smoke
समिधा (samídhā)
with fuel, with offering material
भार्जीको (bhā́r̥jīkaḥ)
radiant, shining
मन्द्रो (mandráḥ)
joyous, sweet
होता (hótā)
the Hotar priest
नित्य (nítyaḥ)
eternal, constant
वाचा (vācā́)
by speech, through utterance
यजीयान् (yájīyān)
most worshipful, most praiseworthy
Stanza 10.12.3
स्वावृ॑ग्दे॒वस्या॒मृतं॒ यदी॒ गोरतो॑ जा॒तासो॑ धारयन्त उ॒र्वी | विश्वे॑ दे॒वा अनु॒ तत्ते॒ यजु॑र्गुर्दु॒हे यदेनी॑ दि॒व्यं घृ॒तं वाः ||
svā́vr̥g devásyāmŕ̥taṁ yádī gór áto jātā́so dhārayanta urvī́ víśve devā́ ánu tát te yájur gur duhé yád énī divyáṁ ghr̥táṁ vā́ḥ
When the divine nectar, belonging to the God, is fully obtained, beings born here then uphold the expansive worlds. All the Gods followed that divine ritual formula, which from the two (likely cows or divine energies) milks forth sustenance and divine fluid.
This verse speaks about the nectar of immortality associated with a divine "cow" (often symbolizing nourishment or divine essence). It states that when this nectar is fully grasped, beings on earth become supporters of the celestial realms. All gods assemble to observe this phenomenon, and they receive a potent ritual formula (Yajus) that, like milk from a pair, yields divine essence and fluid.
Meter: Tristubh
- A. स्वावृग् देवस्य अमृतं यदी गो svā́vr̥k devásya amŕ̥tam yádi + góḥ (11 syllables)
- B. अतो जातासो धारयन्त उर्वी átas jātā́saḥ dhārayante urvī́ (11 syllables)
- C. विश्वे देवा अनु तत् ते यजुर् गुर् víśve devā́ḥ ánu tát te yájuḥ guḥ (11 syllables)
- D. दुहे यत् एनी दिव्यं घृतं वाः duhé yát énī divyám ghr̥tám vā́r (11 syllables)
स्वावृग् (svā́vr̥k)
all-encompassing, completely possessing
देवस्य (devásya)
of the divine being, of God
अमृतं (amŕ̥tam)
immortality, nectar
यदी (yádi +)
when
गो (góḥ)
of the cow (symbolic of nourishment or divine essence)
अतो (átas)
from here, hence
जातासो (jātā́saḥ)
those who are born
धारयन्त (dhārayante)
they uphold, they support
उर्वी (urvī́)
the two expansive worlds
विश्वे (víśve)
all
देवा (devā́ḥ)
the gods
अनु (ánu)
following, after
तत् (tát)
that
ते (te)
your
यजुर् (yájuḥ)
ritual formula (Yajus)
गुर् (guḥ)
they went, they obtained
दुहे (duhé)
it milks, it yields
यत् (yát)
which
एनी (énī)
speckled, spotted (referring to the two entities)
दिव्यं (divyám)
divine, celestial
घृतं (ghr̥tám)
clarified butter, fluid essence
वाः (vā́r)
water, fluid
Stanza 10.12.4
अर्चा॑मि वां॒ वर्धा॒यापो॑ घृतस्नू॒ द्यावा॑भूमी शृणु॒तं रो॑दसी मे | अहा॒ यद्द्यावोऽसु॑नीति॒मय॒न्मध्वा॑ नो॒ अत्र॑ पि॒तरा॑ शिशीताम् ||
árcāmi vāṁ várdhāyā́po ghr̥tasnū dyā́vābhūmī śr̥ṇutáṁ rodasī me áhā yád dyā́vó 'sunītim áyan mádhvā no átra pitárā śiśītām
I praise you both (Heaven and Earth) to promote my prosperity; hear, O Earth and Heaven, O two worlds flowing with richness. As days and nights move towards the realm of the departed, may the two Parents here refresh us with sweetness.
The speaker expresses devotion to the divine couple, Heaven and Earth (Dyava-Bhumi), addressing them as "worlds dropping with fatness." The speaker asks them to hear and prosper their endeavors, particularly their prayers for sustenance and well-being. The verse also mentions the passage of time (days and nights) leading to the realm of the departed, and a plea for parental deities to refresh the speaker with sweet "meath" (a drink, possibly ambrosia or honey).
Meter: Tristubh
- A. अर्चामि वां वर्धाय अपो घृतस्नू árcāmi vām várdhāya ápaḥ ghr̥tasnū (11 syllables)
- B. द्यावाभूमी शृणुतं रोदसी मे dyā́vābhūmī śr̥ṇutám rodasī me (11 syllables)
- C. अहा यद् द्यावो असुनीतिं अयन् áhā yát dyā́vaḥ ásunītim áyan (11 syllables)
- D. मध्वा नः अत्र पितरा शिशीताम् mádhvā naḥ átra pitárā śiśītām (11 syllables)
अर्चामि (árcāmi)
I praise, I worship
वां (vām)
your (dual)
वर्धाय (várdhāya)
for prosperity, for growth
अपो (ápaḥ)
work, substance, power
घृतस्नू (ghr̥tasnū)
flowing with richness (epithet for Earth and Heaven)
द्यावाभूमी (dyā́vābhūmī)
O Heaven and Earth
शृणुतं (śr̥ṇutám)
hear! (dual)
रोदसी (rodasī)
O two worlds (Heaven and Earth)
मे (me)
my
अहा (áhā)
days
यद् (yát)
as, when
द्यावो (dyā́vaḥ)
days
असुनीतिं (ásunītim)
moving to the realm of the departed (Asu)
अयन् (áyan)
they go
मध्वा (mádhvā)
with sweetness, with honey
नः (naḥ)
us
अत्र (átra)
here
पितरा (pitárā)
the two Parents (likely celestial or ancestral)
शिशीताम् (śiśītām)
may they sharpen, may they refresh
Stanza 10.12.5
किं स्वि॑न्नो॒ राजा॑ जगृहे॒ कद॒स्याति॑ व्र॒तं च॑कृमा॒ को वि वे॑द | मि॒त्रश्चि॒द्धि ष्मा॑ जुहुरा॒णो दे॒वाञ्छ्लोको॒ न या॒तामपि॒ वाजो॒ अस्ति॑ ||
kíṁ svin no rā́jā jagr̥he kád asyā́ti vratáṁ cakr̥mā kó ví veda mitráś cid dhí ṣmā juhurāṇó devā́ñ chlóko ná yātā́m ápi vā́jo ásti
Has the King seized us? How have we transgressed his ordinance? Who truly knows? For even Mitra amongst the Gods is angry. There is both glory and strength for those who approach.
This verse expresses a sense of anxiety and questioning regarding divine favor. The speaker wonders if a "King" (perhaps a divine ruler or a cosmic law) has captured them, or how they have transgressed a divine ordinance (vrata). They question who truly understands these matters. It's noted that even the god Mitra can become angry amongst the gods. The verse concludes by suggesting that both divine favor (shloka) and strength (vaja) exist for those who approach, implying a possibility of reconciliation or continued support.
Meter: Tristubh
- A. किं स्विन्नो नो राजा जगृहे कद अस्य kím svit naḥ rā́jā jagr̥he kát asya (11 syllables)
- B. अति व्रतं चकृमा को वि वेद áti vratám cakr̥ma + káḥ ví veda (11 syllables)
- C. मित्रश्चि द्धि ष्मा जुहुरा णो देवान् mitráḥ cit hí sma + juhurāṇáḥ devā́n (11 syllables)
- D. श्लोको न यातामपि वाजो अस्ति ślókaḥ ná yātā́m ápi vā́jaḥ ásti (11 syllables)
किं (kím)
what?
स्विन्नो (svit)
indeed (particle)
नो (naḥ)
us
राजा (rā́jā)
the King (divine ruler or cosmic principle)
जगृहे (jagr̥he)
he seized, he took
कद (kát)
what?
अस्य (asya)
his
अति (áti)
beyond, exceeding
व्रतं (vratám)
vow, ordinance, rule
चकृमा (cakr̥ma +)
we have done, we have made
को (káḥ)
who?
वि (ví)
fully, completely (particle)
वेद (veda)
knows
मित्रश्चि (mitráḥ)
Mitra (a divine being)
द्धि (cit)
indeed (particle)
ष्मा (hí)
indeed (particle)
जुहुरा (sma +)
particle indicating past or emphasis
णो (juhurāṇáḥ)
having made crooked, having turned away
देवान् (devā́n)
the gods
श्लोको (ślókaḥ)
glory, praise, well-being
न (ná)
not
यातामपि (yātā́m)
going, approaching
वाजो (ápi)
also, and
अस्ति (vā́jaḥ)
strength, power, abundance
(ásti)
there is
Stanza 10.12.6
दु॒र्मन्त्वत्रा॒मृत॑स्य॒ नाम॒ सल॑क्ष्मा॒ यद्विषु॑रूपा॒ भवा॑ति | य॒मस्य॒ यो म॒नव॑ते सु॒मन्त्वग्ने॒ तमृ॑ष्व पा॒ह्यप्र॑युच्छन् ||
durmántv átrāmŕ̥tasya nā́ma sálakṣmā yád víṣurūpā bhávāti yamásya yó manávate sumántv ágne tám r̥ṣva pāhy áprayuchan
Understanding the name of immortality here is difficult, when what is similar appears different. O Agni, great one, protect him who remembers Yama's name, with good understanding, unfailingly.
This verse describes the difficulty in understanding the "immortal's nature," particularly when something familiar seems to change or become strange. It then invokes Agni, the fire god, to protect someone who remembers or ponders the name of Yama (the god of death or order). The key is to understand the "name" of immortality, which is presented as challenging but ultimately attainable with divine help, especially from Agni.
Meter: Tristubh
- A. दुर्मन्त्वत्रा अमृतस्य नाम सलक्ष्मा durmántu átra amŕ̥tasya nā́ma (11 syllables)
- B. यद्विषु रूपा भवाति यस्य sálakṣmā yát víṣurūpā bhávāti (11 syllables)
- C. यो मनवते सुमन्त्वग्ने तमृष्व yamásya yáḥ manávate sumántu (11 syllables)
- D. पाHy अप्रयुच्छन् ágne tám r̥ṣva pāhi áprayuchan (11 syllables)
दुर्मन्त्वत्रा (durmántu)
difficult to understand, obscure
अमृतस्य (átra)
here
नाम (amŕ̥tasya)
of immortality
सलक्ष्मा (nā́ma)
name
यद्विषु (sálakṣmā)
having the same mark, similar, akin
रूपा (yát)
when
भवाति (víṣurūpā)
having different forms, appearing different
यस्य (bhávāti)
it becomes, it appears
यो (yamásya)
of Yama (god of death/order)
मनवते (yáḥ)
he who
सुमन्त्वग्ने (manávate)
remembers, thinks upon
तमृष्व (sumántu)
good understanding, well-thinking
पाHy (ágne)
O Agni (fire god)
अप्रयुच्छन् (tám)
him
(r̥ṣva)
great, mighty (epithet)
(pāhi)
protect!
(áprayuchan)
unfailing, without neglect
Stanza 10.12.7
यस्मि॑न्दे॒वा वि॒दथे॑ मा॒दय॑न्ते वि॒वस्व॑तः॒ सद॑ने धा॒रय॑न्ते | सूर्ये॒ ज्योति॒रद॑धुर्मा॒स्य१॒॑क्तून्परि॑ द्योत॒निं च॑रतो॒ अज॑स्रा ||
yásmin devā́ vidáthe mādáyante vivásvataḥ sádane dhāráyante sū́rye jyótir ádadhur māsy àktū́n pári dyotaníṁ carato ájasrā
In the assembly where the gods rejoice and abide in Vivasvan's dwelling, they placed radiance in the Sun and lights in the nights. They move, ceaselessly shining.
This verse describes a divine gathering or assembly ('vidatha') where the gods rejoice and are seated in the dwelling of Vivasvan (a solar deity or progenitor). In this divine realm, they are credited with bestowing radiance upon the sun and light upon the moon, and these celestial bodies, along with day and night ('aktun'), move eternally without ceasing. The verse highlights the cosmic order and the divine placement of light and time.
Meter: Tristubh
- A. यस्मिन्दे वा विदथे मादयन्ते yásmin devā́ḥ vidáthe mādáyante (11 syllables)
- B. विवस्वतः सदने धारयन्ते vivásvataḥ sádane dhāráyante (11 syllables)
- C. सूर्ये ज्योतिरद धुर्मास्य१ क्तून्परि द्योतनिं sū́rye jyótiḥ ádadhuḥ māsí aktū́n (11 syllables)
- D. चरतो अजस्रा pári dyotaním carataḥ ájasrā (11 syllables)
यस्मिन्दे (yásmin)
in which
वा (devā́ḥ)
the gods
विदथे (vidáthe)
in the assembly, in the session
मादयन्ते (mādáyante)
they rejoice, they delight
विवस्वतः (vivásvataḥ)
of Vivasvan (a solar deity)
सदने (sádane)
in the dwelling, in the abode
धारयन्ते (dhāráyante)
they hold, they support
सूर्ये (sū́rye)
in the Sun
ज्योतिरद (jyótiḥ)
light, radiance
धुर्मास्य१ (ádadhuḥ)
they placed, they gave
क्तून्परि (māsí)
in the month, referring to lunar cycles
द्योतनिं (aktū́n)
nights, darkness
चरतो (pári)
around, surrounding
अजस्रा (dyotaním)
shining, luminous
(carataḥ)
they move, they proceed (dual)
(ájasrā)
unceasing, perpetual (dual)
Stanza 10.12.8
यस्मि॑न्दे॒वा मन्म॑नि सं॒चर॑न्त्यपी॒च्ये॒३॒॑ न व॒यम॑स्य विद्म | मि॒त्रो नो॒ अत्रादि॑ति॒रना॑गान्त्सवि॒ता दे॒वो वरु॑णाय वोचत् ||
yásmin devā́ mánmani saṁcáranty apīcyè ná vayám asya vidma mitró no átrā́ditir ánāgān savitā́ devó váruṇāya vocat
In which the gods congregate in council, in their secret counsel, we do not know its meaning. May Mitra, Aditi, and God Savitr here speak to Varuna that we are without fault.
This verse explores the hidden nature of divine deliberations and actions. The speaker states that they do not understand the "mind" or "counsel" (mánmani) of the gods, which they discuss in secret assemblies. They then express a hope that Mitra, Aditi (a mother goddess), Savitr (the Sun god), and Varuna (a sky god) will declare them innocent of any wrongdoing in this context.
Meter: Tristubh
- A. यस्मिन्दे वा मन्मनि संचरन्त्यपी yásmin devā́ḥ mánmani saṃcáranti (11 syllables)
- B. च्ये न वयमस्य विद्म मित्रो apīcyè ná vayám asya vidma (11 syllables)
- C. नोअत्रादि तिरना गान्त्स विता देवो mitráḥ naḥ átra áditiḥ ánāgān (11 syllables)
- D. वरुणा य वोचत् savitā́ deváḥ váruṇāya vocat (11 syllables)
यस्मिन्दे (yásmin)
in which
वा (devā́ḥ)
the gods
मन्मनि (mánmani)
in thought, in mind, in counsel
संचरन्त्यपी (saṃcáranti)
they move together, they assemble
च्ये (apīcyè)
secret, hidden
न (ná)
not
वयमस्य (vayám)
we
विद्म (asya)
its
मित्रो (vidma)
we know
नोअत्रादि (mitráḥ)
Mitra (a divine being)
तिरना (naḥ)
us
गान्त्स (átra)
here
विता (áditiḥ)
Aditi (mother goddess)
देवो (ánāgān)
innocent, faultless
वरुणा (savitā́)
Savitr (Sun god)
य (deváḥ)
the divine being, God
वोचत् (váruṇāya)
to Varuna (a sky god)
(vocat)
he spoke, he proclaimed
Stanza 10.12.9
श्रु॒धी नो॑ अग्ने॒ सद॑ने स॒धस्थे॑ यु॒क्ष्वा रथ॑म॒मृत॑स्य द्रवि॒त्नुम् | आ नो॑ वह॒ रोद॑सी दे॒वपु॑त्रे॒ माकि॑र्दे॒वाना॒मप॑ भूरि॒ह स्याः॑ ||
śrudhī́ no agne sádane sadhásthe yukṣvā́ rátham amŕ̥tasya dravitnúm ā́ no vaha ródasī deváputre mā́kir devā́nām ápa bhūr ihá syāḥ
Hear us, O Agni, in our shared dwelling place! Harness the swift chariot of immortality. Bring to us Heaven and Earth, the parents of the gods; may you remain here, not far from the gods.
This verse is a fervent plea to Agni, the fire god, to hear the worshippers. They ask Agni to harness his swift chariot, the vehicle of immortality, and bring the divine couple, Heaven and Earth (Rodasi), who are the "parents of the gods," to their sacred space ('sadhstha'). The ultimate request is for Agni to remain present with them and not to be distant from the gods.
Meter: Tristubh
- A. श्रुधी न अग्ने सदने सधस्थे śrudhí + naḥ agne sádane sadhásthe (11 syllables)
- B. युक्ष्वा रथं अमृतस्य द्रवित्नुम् yukṣvá + rátham amŕ̥tasya dravitnúm (11 syllables)
- C. आ न व रोदसी देवपुत्रे ā́ naḥ vaha ródasī deváputre (11 syllables)
- D. माकिर् देवाना अप भूरिह स्याः mā́kis devā́nām ápa bhūḥ ihá syāḥ (11 syllables)
श्रुधी (śrudhí +)
hear!
न (naḥ)
us
अग्ने (agne)
O Agni (fire god)
सदने (sádane)
in the dwelling, in the abode
सधस्थे (sadhásthe)
in the common place, in the dwelling
युक्ष्वा (yukṣvá +)
harness! (medial)
रथं (rátham)
chariot
अमृतस्य (amŕ̥tasya)
of immortality
द्रवित्नुम् (dravitnúm)
swift-moving, rapid
आ (ā́)
towards (particle)
न (naḥ)
us
व (vaha)
bring!
रोदसी (ródasī)
O Heaven and Earth
देवपुत्रे (deváputre)
parents of the gods
माकिर् (mā́kis)
may not
देवाना (devā́nām)
of the gods
अप (ápa)
away
भूरिह (bhūḥ)
may you be
स्याः (ihá)
here
(syāḥ)
may you be